Propaganda and Persuasion

4. Propaganda and Persuasion Examined

165

The Modern Study of Propaganda and Persuasion 165 Propaganda in World War I 166 The Aftermath of World War I and the Growing Concern About Propaganda 167 The Social Sciences and the Study of Propaganda 169 Research in Propaganda and Persuasion 170

The Study of Attitudes 170 World War II and Research in Communication 171 The Yale Studies 176 Consistency Theories 177 Theory of Exposure Learning 179

Social Judgment Theory 179 Resistance to Persuasion 180 McGuire's Model of Persuasion 180 Diffusion of Innovations 181 Recent Research on Attitudes 181 Research on Persuasion and Behavior 182

The Influence of the Media 186 Violence and the Media 186 Cultivation Studies 188

Prosocial Behaviors and Television 189 The Agenda-Setting Function of the Media 189 Uses and Gratifications Theory 191 Uses and Dependency Theory 192 The Internet 192 Limitations of Effects Research 193 Cultural Studies 194 Collective Memory Studies 197 Generalizations About Propaganda and Persuasion Effects 208 World War I and the Fear of Propaganda 216 British Propaganda 217 German Propaganda 219 American Propaganda 222 Atrocity Propaganda 225 Reaction to World War I Propaganda 227 Summary 208

5. Propaganda and Psychological Warfare

211