The Encyclopedia of World Religions

Juno S 249

ment at the end of time. In this final judgment, God, or an agent acting on God’s behalf, will sepa rate “the sheep from the goats” (Matthew 25.32). In both religions, written records of a person’s life form the basis of the judgment. Those destined for paradise go to the right; those destined for HELL go to the left. According to the Qur’an, J ESUS himself will return at the last day and testify against the Christians, who blasphemed by making him divine (Qur’an 4.159). The judgment of the dead is a prominent theme in Christian art. (Islam does not allow art ists to portray people.) In the time known as the Romanesque period (roughly 1000–1150), artists such as Gislibertus delighted in portraying terri fying images of the last judgment. Later, the last judgment figured in the macabre paintings of Hieronymus Bosch ( c. 1450–1516). Of the many works on the theme, Michaelangelo’s Last Judg ment, on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome (1536–41), is perhaps the most notable. The theme of the judgment of the dead, or rather, judgment day, has also fascinated North Americans in the 19th and 20th centuries. Count less religious groups, mostly Protestant, have pro claimed that the day of judgment was at hand. Popular culture has also picked up on the phrase. For example, in 1991, a movie featuring body building champion Arnold Schwarzenegger was entitled Terminator 2: Judgment Day. Jung, Carl Gustav (1875–1961) a Swiss psy chologist famous for his ideas about the collective unconscious As a young man Jung was impressed with the ideas of Sigmund F REUD , the founder of psychoanalysis. Eventually, however, he broke with Freud. Freud sees religion as a symptom of imma turity and even mental illness. Jung sees religion as helping to make a well-integrated person. That is, religion helps the different parts of a person’s psyche fit together. According to Jung, symbols make this inte gration possible. Religious symbols are especially important. Jung talks about them in terms of what

Portrait of the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung (Snark/ Art Resource, N.Y.)

he calls ARCHETYPES . Archetypes are symbols that all people share. They exist in the “collective uncon scious,” and they function like language. They provide the psychological “words” that people use to make sense of their worlds. One example is the archetype of the mother as found in various myths. Perhaps the most famous follower of Jung in the second half of the 20th century was Joseph Campbell. A student of mythology, Campbell is well known for his ideas on the archetype of the hero ( see HEROES AND HERO MYTHS ). Juno One of the most important GODDESSES of the ancient Romans. Juno was enshrined, together with J UPITER and Minerva, in the ancient temple on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. She was one of the major goddesses of the city. Juno’s special sphere was the life of women, particularly childbirth. As a protector in childbirth she was worshipped as Juno Lucina, “Juno who