Blacks Law Dict. 1st ed

PUBLIC WRONGS

PUDZELD

965

used in contradistinction to worship in the family or the closet. In this country, what is called "public worship" is commonly con ducted by voluntary societies, constituted ac cording to their own notions of ecclesiastical authority and ritual propriety, opening their places of worship, and admitting to their re ligious services such persons, and upon such terms, and subject to such regulations, as they may choose to designate and establish. A church absolutely belonging to the public, and in which all persons without restriction have equal rights, such as the public enjoy in highways or public landings, is certainly a very rare institution. 14 Gray, 586. PUBLIC WRONGS. Violations of pub lic rights and duties which affect the whole community, considered as a community; crimes and misdemeanors. 3 Bl. Comm. 2; 4 Bl. Comm. 1. PUBLICAN. In the civil law. A farmer of the public revenue; one who held a lease of some property from the public treasury. Dig. 39, 4, 1, 1; Id. 39, 4, 12, 8; Id. 39, 4, 13. In English law. Persons authorized by license to keep a public house, and retail therein, for consumption on or off the prem ises where sold, all intoxicating liquors; also termed "licensed victuallers." Wharton. PUBLICANUS. Lat. In Roman law. A farmer of the customs; a publican. Cal vin. PUBLICATION. 1. The act of publish ing anything or making it public; offering it to public notice, or rendering it accessible to public scrutiny. 2. As descriptive of the publishing of laws and ordinances, "publication" means printing or otherwise reproducing copies of them and distributing them in such a manner as to make their contents easily accessible to the public; it forms no part of the enactment of the law. "Promulgation," on the 1 other hand, seems to denote the proclamation or announcement of the edict or statute as a preliminary to its acquiring the force and op eration of law. But the two terms are often used interchangeably. 3. The formal declaration made by a testa tor at the time of signing his will that it is his last will and testament. 4 Kent, Comm. 515, and note. 4. In the law of libel, publication denotes the act of making the defamatory matter known publicly, of disseminating it, or com municating it to one or more persons.

5. In the practice of the states adopting the reformed procedure, and in some others, publication of a summons is the process of giv ing it currency as an advertisement in a news paper, under the conditions prescribed by law, as a means of giving notice of the suit to a defendant upon whom personal service can not be made. 6. In equity practice. The making pub lic the depositions taken in a suit, which have previously been kept private in the office of the examiner. Publication is said to pass when the depositions are so made public, or openly shown, and copies of them given out, in order to the hearing of the cause. 3 Bl. Comm. 450. 7. In copyright law. The act of making public a book, writing,chart, map, etc.; that is, offering or communicating it to the public by the sale or distribution of copies. PUBLICI JURIS. Lat. Of public right This term, as applied to a thing or right, means that it is open to or exercisable by all persons. When a thing is common property, so that any one can make use of it who likes, it is said to be "publici juris;" as in the case of light, aii, and public water. Sweet. Or it designates things which are owned by "the public;" that is, the entire state or community, and not by any private person. PUBLICIANA. In the civil law. The name of an action introduced by the praetor Publicius, the object of which was to recover a thing which had been lost. Its effects were similar to those of our action of trover. Mackeld. Rom. Law, g 298. See Inst. 4, 6, 4; Dig. 6, 2, 1, 16. PUBLICIST. One versed in, or writing upon, public law, the science and principles of government, or international law. PUBLICUM JUS. Lat. In the civil law. Public law; that law which regards the state of the commonwealth. Inst. 1, 1,4. PUBLISHER. One whose business is the manufacture, promulgation, and sale of books, pamphlets, magazines, newspapers, or other literary productions. PUDICITY. Chastity; purity; conti nence. PUDZELD. In old English law. Sup posed to be a corruption of the Saxon "wud geld," (woodgeld,) a freedom from payment

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