Foundations of Freedom

14 th Amendment Citizens

"The (14th) amendment referred to slavery. Consequently, the only persons embraced by its provisions, and for which Congress was authorized to legislate in the manner were those then in slavery."

Bowlin v. Commonwealth, (1867), 65 Kent. Rep. 5, 29.

"After the adoption of the 14th Amendment, a bill which became the first Civil Rights Act was introduced in the 39th Congress, the major purpose of which was to secure to the recently freed Negroes all the civil rights secured to white men... (N)one other than citizens of the United States were within the provisions of the Act.―

Hague v. C. I. O., 307 U. S. 496, 509 .