Foundations of Freedom

―We are bound to interpret the Constitution in the light of the law as it existed at the time it was adopted‖ Mattox v. U.S., 156 US 237, 243.

―The Constitution is a written instrument. As such, its meaning does not alter. That which it meant when it was adopted, it means now‖ S. Carolina v. U.S., 199 U.S. 437, 448 (1905).

―No state shall convert a liberty into a privilege, license it, and attach a fee to it‖ Murdock v. Penn., 319 US 105 .

―The court is to protect against any encroachment of constitutionally secured liberties‖ Boyd v. U.S., 116 U.S. 616.

"Agency, or party sitting for the agency, (which would be the magistrate of a municipal court) has no authority to enforce as to any license unless he is acting for compensation. Such an act is highly penal in nature, and should not be constructed to include anything, which is not embraced within its terms. (Where) there is no charge within a complaint that the accused was employed for compensation to do the act complained of, or that the act constituted part of a contract" Schomig v. Kaiser, 189 Cal 596.